Extended Abstract Background: One of the basic parameters in forest management is the detailed knowledge of the TREES’ growing stock for planning, which is oPERational by forest inventory. Excessive human interference and dependence on the forests have changed their natural structure. Although the circumstances of wood harvesting are not provided in these forests, their role is essential in soil and water conservation, the livelihood of local people, and environment improvement. Sampling methods must be accurate, inexpensive, and easily implementable in the wild. This study presents a new sampling method, called a branching transect, in the Iranian Zagros forests and similar forests. Features of the new method include proPER accuracy, easy implementation in nature, simplicity of statistical calculations, and low cost. The NUMBER of TREES PER HECTARE (density) in a forest stand represents the existing situation, and its monitoring is very important to know the changes in forest stands. The use of distance sampling methods, especially in open forests, has grown in recent years due to the reduction of inventory costs and optimal accuracy. The research mainly aims to evaluate the efficiency of a proposed distance method (a branched sampling line) with easy implementation and good accuracy in a 100 × 100 m network and the GIS environment. Methods: The studied area is located in the southwestern part of the Manshet and Qalarang protected area in Ilam County. First, 100% inventory was applied in a 90-HECTARE area of the studied forest, and then 10 and 20-m sampling lines with branches of up to a maximum of 20 m (90 sampling points) were used for this study. In this method, a transect is used that includes some sub-transects. The length of the main transect, sub-transect, the NUMBER of TREES measured in each sub-transect, and the NUMBER of sub-branches in this method are changeable based on the homogeneity, heterogeneity, density, and structure of the forest and are determined according to the forest and exPERt opinions. In general, less NUMBERs of sub-branches and TREES can be considered when the forest is denser or more homogeneous. It is better to consider more sub-branches in dense forests, such as Zagros forests so that a wider area can be covered under inventory and an acceptable NUMBER of TREES can be examined in transects. Due to the density and heterogeneity of the studied forest area, 20-meter transects with 2, 4, and 6 sub-branches were used in this study. To reach the study goal of the comparison among distance sampling methods, the results of these samplings should be compared to a real amount to have the final judgment on their benefits and weaknesses. Accordingly, the results were compared to 100% inventory in the study area. In 100% inventory, geographical features and the measured quantities for each tree were entered into the GIS environment. This research is the first to use the sampling method of a sample line with 2, 4, and 6 m lateral branches. To evaluate the methods, they compared with 100% inventory based on the accuracy rate and t-test. Results: The normality of data was tested through the chi-square test, and the unpaired Student`s t-test was used to compare the average NUMBERs and canopy of TREES in a HECTARE, resulting from real amount sampling (100% inventory). Based on the whole amount of TREES in the area (12079( and the whole area of the canopy of TREES (62.32 m2), the real average amount of TREES PER HECTARE and the real average value of the canopy area PER HECTARE were calculated as 141 and 3704, respectively 12). The 6-branched two-tree sample line with 141 TREES PER HECTARE and the four-branched one-tree sample line method with a canopy of 3815 m2 PER HECTARE showed the best results compared to the real mean. The analysis showed that most of the used sampling methods  (the branched sampling line with six different patterns 6b2t- 6b1t- 2b1t- 2b2t- 4b2t-4b1t) yielded acceptable results for the evaluation of open forests. However, the branched sampling line method in most networks showed a lower statistical error and was closer to the real value in terms of the mean NUMBER of TREES PER HECTARE. Conclusion: Totally, the branched sampling line has an accuracy PERcentage within 10% to estimate the NUMBER of TREES PER HECTARE in most networks. In terms of the mean NUMBER of TREES PER HECTARE, this method was not significantly different from the actual value with a probability of 95% and was more accurate than the other distance methods tested in this research. Considering the low PERcentage of sampling errors, acceptable accuracy, and easy implementation in nature, the branched sampling line was evaluated as a more suitable method than the other approaches. Due to the novelty of the presented sampling method, there was no case for comparison, in other words, transect branching has not been applied in other areas that can be compared with the results of this study. Finally, the results of this review for the parameters of the NUMBER and area of canopy of TREES PER HECTARE and its comparison with the actual value and flexibility of this method (changeability of the NUMBER of branches, NUMBER of TREES in each branch, and the length of the main and sub-transects) demonstrate that it is a proPER sampling method in dense and even normal forests.

Precise quantitative information of the young forest stands is necessary in their scientific and technical management and direction of the forest stands toward sustainability. In plantations, the working unit can be a single tree rather than the area, or the smaller areas of sampling can be used for measurement. N-tree sampling method is one of the distance techniques used for measuring the quantitative and qualitative characteristics in forest stands. In this study N-tree sampling methods (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) were assessed to measure NUMBER, basal area and volume PER HECTARE in a 12-ha plantation in the north of Iran. At first the plantation was fully calliPERed. Then a 50×50 m grid was determined for N-tree sampling method application. The result of t-test showed that mean in basal area PER HECTARE estimated by Prodan's estimator, in 5, 6 and 7 TREES had significant difference with 100% inventory, but means estimation of these characteristics from other methods was acceptable. Estimating means in the NUMBER PER HECTARE and volume in HECTARE by Prodan's estimator did not have any significant difference with 100% inventory in the all of N-tree sampling methods. At last, using E%2×T, the 4 tree distance sampling method was suitable for sampling in populos delteoides plantations.

The present study aimed to investigate the accuracy and precision estimation of the NUMBER, basal area and volume of the standing TREES by methods of random and systematic random sampling in the forests of West Guilan. The cost or inventory time was determined using the criteria (E%2 × T). Inventory was carried out by complete sampling (census) in an area of 52 HECTAREs. The study area (section 11, district 2, Nav forests, Asalem) was divided into 520 rectangular plots (50m×20m) and each plot was measured separately. Measured characteristics were the kind of tree species, diameter at breast height and height. After inventory oPERation, the study area was stratified based on forest density. In each stratum, sampling was carried out by simple random sampling and systematic random sampling. The results showed that implementation of stratified sampling has reduced the sampling error and increased the sampling time for estimating the characteristics of abundance, basal area and standing volume of TREES PER ha in the study area. Amount of criterion (E%2 × T) in stratified sampling was less than sampling without stratification and between stratified samplings; stratified random systematic sampling had the lowest value. Therefore, among the studied methods, stratified random systematic sampling, due to high precision and minimum criteria of (E%2 × T), was a suitable method for evaluation of the NUMBER, Basal area and volume of standing TREES in the study area.

As a major staple, wheat is considered as the most important crop in Iran.With the existing population growth rate, self-sufficiency in this crop is becoming more and more important for the nation. According to FAO, PER HECTARE yield of wheat in Iran is lower than the world average. FAO exPERts have stated farmers poor technical know-how as the main reason to this situation.The present paPER analyses the impacts of improved seeds application in wheat yield increase. The result showed that improved seeds lead to higher PER HECTARE yields of wheat both directly and indirectly. Directly, i.e. without any modifications in other inputs on the same farm, the application of improved seeds increased yield by %17. Indirectly, the application of improved seeds in turn induced the use of other modern inputs, resulting in another %18 increase in yields. The aggregate increase in wheat yield out of improved seeds was thus assessed at %35.

Due to having spring and autumn genotypes and adaptation to weather conditions, rapeseed is considered as a point hope to provide edible oil of country. Two separate exPERiments were set up as split-plot in a RCBD design with three replications in two fall and winter seasons during two years (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) at the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute to investigate the effect of sowing season and date on the quantitative and qualitative yields of rapeseed genotypes in Karaj, Iran. In this study, the main plots were sowing dates (7, 17, and 27 October in fall sowing and 9 and 19 February, and 1 March in winter sowings) and sub-plots consisted of genotypes (RGS003, Dalgan, Zabol10, Hyola401, and Hyola4815). Rapeseed genotypes grain and oil yields were 4330 and 1840 kg ha-1 in fall sowing, respectively, while these traits were decreased 43.3 and 46.6% respectively, when rapeseed genotypes were planted in winter season. The highest grain and oil yields (5033 and 2202 kg ha-1) belonged to 7 October sowing date in fall sowing, while 9 February had the highest grain and oil yields (2996 and 1248 kg ha-1) in winter sowing. In general, the Dalgan genotype is recommended for cultivation due to suitable agronomic traits such as NUMBER of silique PER plant, NUMBER of grain PER silique, silique length, 1000-grain weight, as well as high grain and oil yields in cold temPERate regions with arid and semi-arid climates such as Karaj, Iran.

Background and objectives: Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forests can provide valuable information on the impact of forests on the environment. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forests can provide valuable information on the impact of forests on the environment. Detailed information from forest areas can be obtained by sampling or sampling. Although it is desirable to have complete censuses, sampling methods are preferred in many cases because of the cost and time savings involved. One of the sampling methods is the multi-tree method. In the present study, the PERformance of 3 to 10 tree sampling method was evaluated in estimating the NUMBER of TREES PER HECTARE, chest area and canopy cover and its results were compared with full inventory. Materials and methods: In the present study, the PERformance of 3 to 10 tree sampling method was evaluated in estimating the NUMBER of HECTAREs PER HECTARE, chest area and canopy cover. For this purpose, 30 HECTAREs of one HECTARE of forests of watershed Oladghobad in west of Lorestan province were selected and data on all TREES within these plots were recorded. In the next step, using tree simulation in Geographic Information System (GIS) environment, sampling was done using multi-tree method within one HECTARE plots. Results: Results of comparing the NUMBER of TREES PER HECTAREand canopy characteristics showed no significant difference between different polycrystalline methods with full inventory. Also, the results of comparing the mean rank of three characteristics NUMBER of TREES PER HECTARE, basal area and canopy cover of each tree in different multi-tree methods with full inventory showed the nearest estimation in nine-tree, four-tree and five-tree methods, respectively. The results showed that the spatial pattern of the TREES was due to the clustering of the species and the higher density of the branching species than the clustering species. The most precision for these characteristics was obtained for the three (9. 27), four (3. 65) and seven (2. 67) tree methods, respectively. Finally, three characteristics were tested using E%2×T index. The results showed that three (14139. 45), four (2393. 16) and six (1678. 87) tree methods, respectively, are suitable for sampling in the region's forests. O-ring function was also used to study the spatial pattern of Iranian oak TREES. Conclusion: Also according to the characteristics of the bream cross section, the four tree method, given the smallest distance with the real mean of the community, also has the lowest value (2393. 16) according to the E%2×T index, as an appropriate sampling method for watershed forests Oladghobad is recommended.

In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial exPERiment conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st and April 6th) and the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 and Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest yield (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain yield and yield components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain yield (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain yield PER HECTARE had the highest correlation with plant yield (0.877) and then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) and NUMBER of branches PER plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

Background and Purpose: Determination of forest growth is one of the most important goals and tasks in forest management, which has always been accompanied by challenges in the implementation section due to the complexity of volume and growth process determination. Knowing the volume of standing TREES and growth is mandatory in an accurate planning. The volumetric growth of forest stands is a basis for determining the annual cutting in planning and management of forest exploitation. Harvest of this amount of wood leads to forest sustainable development and, to some extent, can provide the wood needed in the country without raising a problem for these valuable resources. Study method: This study was done in Gorazbon district of Kheyroud forest in Mazandaran province. 258 PERmanent sample plots were measured in the circle area of 10 R. Then, volumetric growth and NUMBER of TREES in forest stands were directly calculated. Results: Results showed that the average tree NUMBERs were 298. 15 and 290. 4 stems PER ha in 2003 and 2012 respectively. The growing stocks were 335. 8 and 367. 7 sylve PER ha sustainable forest management. Although beech constitutes 31% of the total NUMBER of TREES in Gorazbon district, it accounts for 57% of the whole TREES in terms of standing volume. Annual volumetric growth is 4 sylve PER HECTARE and growth of tree NUMBER is-5. 8 PER HECTARE annually. Discussion and Conclusion: Finally, it can be concluded that preparing an inventory by PERmanent sample plots provides the necessary information and detailed statistics to determine the volumetric growth and NUMBER of TREES to contribute to proPER management and decision making. Moreover, harvesting this volumetric growth can help the economy and lead to sustainable development of the forest at the same time.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was PERformed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by NUMBER of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, NUMBER of seedlings PER hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous PER HECTARE, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

The effect of NUMBER of mating on longevity and fecundity of the predatory mite Euseius scutalis Athias-henriot was studied under laboratory conditions (at 25±1 ºC, 60 ± 5 % RH and 16: 8 L:D). Newly emerged adult females (less than 24 h) were held individually in a 9 cm arena. A male (less than 24 h) remained with a female for limited PERiods of time or continuously. Four treatments were designed: virgin females, single mated females, multiple mated females (female had access to a male every five days), multiple mated females (female had continuous access to a male). Mating was necessary for oviposition. Virgin females lived the longest (25 days). However, no significant differences were found among longevity of mated females (12- 15). Similarly, no significant differences were detected among fecundity of females with different NUMBERs of mating (18- 22 eggs). Sex ratio was significantly female-biased in progeny of single mated females and multiple mated females with PERiodic access to male. However, no significant difference was found in sex ratio of progeny of multiple mated females with continuous access to male.